ORIGINAL PAPER
Apoptotic and anti-migratory effects of Achillea millefolium
dichloromethane extract on MDA-MB-231
human breast cancer cells
1
Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), College of Science, Biology Department, 11623 Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
These authors had equal contribution to this work
Publication date: 2024-05-14
Corresponding author
F. A. Nasr
Biology Department, College of Science, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh 11623, Saudi Arabia
Biology Department, College of Science, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh 11623, Saudi Arabia
KEYWORDS
TOPICS
ABSTRACT
Several previous studies have reported the beneficial effects of
Achillea millefolium, including its anti-cancer properties. The main objectives
of this study were to explore the apoptotic and anti-migratory properties of
A. millefolium extract against the highly aggressive MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell line. A. millefolium was subjected to sequential extraction using various solvents, and these fractions were screened for their anti-proliferative effects using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide
(MTT) assay. Hoechst staining, reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction, and scratch migration assays were employed to monitor
the apoptotic and anti-migration activity of the most promising active extract,
A. millefolium dichloromethane fraction (AMDF). Moreover, the chemical composition of AMDF was determined using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry
(GC-MS). The results of this study demonstrated that AMDF exerted a significant cytotoxic effect on MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells, accompanied by the induction of apoptosis through the upregulation of pro-apoptotic
genes, including tumour protein p53, BCL2 associated X, caspase 3 and
caspase 9. AMDF also demonstrated antimigratory properties in MDA-MB-231
cells. Additionally, GC-MS profiling revealed 22 constituents, with M-maleinimido-acetophenone, longifolenaldehyde, azuleno[4,5-b] furan-2,7-dione, and
1,8-cineole identified as major components. In conclusion, this study provided
further evidence supporting the potential utility of A. millefolium as a source for
novel treatments targeting breast cancer.
FUNDING
This work was supported and funded by
the Deanship of Scientific Research at Imam
Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU)
(Grant number IMSIU-RPP2023022).
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
The Authors declare that there is no conflict of
interest.
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