Current issue
Online first
Archive
About the Journal
Editorial Office
Editorial Board
Copy right and self-archiving policy
Peer review process
Instructions for Reviewers
Printed version subscription
Abstracting and indexing
Contact
Instructions for Authors
Policies
General information
Open Access, Licensing terms, Commercial use and Copyright terms policies
Self-archiving policy and Archive policies
Article Correction and Withdrawal policy
Manuscript Submission policy
Authorship policy
Conflict of Interest policy
Language considerations policy
Plagiarism and Duplicate publications policy
Ethics policy
Review process policy
Acceptance of manuscripts policy
Online First Articles and Special Issues policies
Generative artificial intelligence (AI) policy
Advertising policy
Article publication charges
Policies
General information
Open Access, Licensing terms, Commercial use and Copyright terms policies
Self-archiving policy and Archive policies
Article Correction and Withdrawal policy
Manuscript Submission policy
Authorship policy
Conflict of Interest policy
Language considerations policy
Plagiarism and Duplicate publications policy
Ethics policy
Review process policy
Acceptance of manuscripts policy
Online First Articles and Special Issues policies
Generative artificial intelligence (AI) policy
Advertising policy
ORIGINAL PAPER
Effect of Punica granatum and Tecomella undulata supplementation on nutrient utilization, enteric methane emission and growth performance of Murrah male buffaloes
1
Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Department of Animal Nutrition, Ludhiana, Punjab, India-141004
2
Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Department of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Ludhiana, Punjab, India-141004
Publication date: 2019-05-20
Corresponding author
J. S. Hundal
Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Department of Animal Nutrition, Ludhiana, Punjab, India-141004
Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Department of Animal Nutrition, Ludhiana, Punjab, India-141004
J. Anim. Feed Sci. 2019;28(2):110-119
KEYWORDS
TOPICS
ABSTRACT
To assess the effect of herbal extracts on nutrient utilization,
enteric methane emission and growth performance, 15 growing Murrah male
buffaloes were divided into 3 groups and offered control diet (total mixed ration;
roughage:concentrate ratio 65:35), control diet supplemented with Punica
granatum or Tecomella undulata extract at 2% of dry matter intake (DMI) for
90 days. The supplementation of herbal extracts did not alter DMI and nutrient
digestibility, however the tendency (P = 0.058) to higher nitrogen retention was
observed in groups fed diets supplemented with P. granatum (72.9 g/day) and
T. undulata extract (70.6 g/day) in comparison to control (64.3 g/day) group. No
negative impact was seen as indicated by blood profile, which was within the
physiological range. Supplementation of P. granatum or T. undulata extracts
resulted in decrease in methane emission (g/kg average daily gain (ADG)) by
46 and 42%, respectively in comparison to control diet. The impact of decrease
in methane emission and higher gross energy (GE) intake was visible in the
daily body weight gain/day: the animals fed P. granatum and T. undulata extracts
gained (P < 0.001) 28 and 21% more weight, respectively, in comparison
to animals fed control diet. Therefore, the study established that the supplementation
of diet with herbal extracts can help in ameliorating enteric methane
production, thereby improving the growth performance in ruminants.
REFERENCES (56)
1.
Abarghuei M.J., Rouzbehan Y., Alipour D., 2010. The influence of the grape pomace on the ruminal parameters of sheep. Livest. Sci. 132, 73–79, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.livs....
2.
Abarghuei M.J., Rouzbehan Y., Alipour D., 2011. Effect of oak (Quercus libani Oliv.) leave tannin on ruminal fermentation of sheep. J. Agric. Sci. Technol. 13, 1021–1032.
3.
Abarghuei M.J., Rouzbehan Y., Salem A.Z.M., Zamiri M.J., 2013. Nutrient digestion, ruminal fermentation and performance of dairy cows fed pomegranate peel extract. Livest. Sci. 157, 452–461, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.livs....
4.
Åby B.A., Aass L., Sehested E., Vangen O., 2013. Effect of incorporating greenhouse gas emission costs into economic values of traits for intensive and extensive beef cattle breeds. Livest. Sci. 158, 1–11, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.livs....
5.
Aerts R.J., Barry T.N., McNabb W.C., 1999. Polyphenols and agriculture: beneficial effects of proanthocyanidins in forages. Agric. Ecosyt. Environ. 75, 1–12, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-....
6.
AOAC International, 2007. Official Methods of Analysis of AOAC International. 18th Edition. 2nd Revision. Gaithersburg, MD (USA).
7.
Baccou J.C., Lambert F., Sanvaire Y., 1977. Spectrophotometric method for the determination of total steroidal sapogenin. Analyst 102, 458–466, https://doi.org/10.1039/AN9770....
8.
Baker S.K., 1999. Rumen methanogens and inhibition of methanogens. Austral. J. Agric. Res. 50, 1293–1298, https://doi.org/10.1071/AR9900....
9.
Bakshi M.P.S., Rani N., Wadhwa M., Kaushal S.K., 2004. Impact of herbal feed additives on the degradability of feedstuffs in vitro. Indian J. Anim. Nutr. 21, 249–253.
10.
Balbaa S.I., Zaki A.Y., El-Shamy A.M., 1974. Total flavonoids and rutin content of the different organs of Sophora japonica L. J. Assoc. Off. Anal. Chem. 57, 752–755.
11.
Balcells J., Aris A., Serrano A., Seradj A.R., Crespo J., Devant M., 2012. Effects of an extract of plant flavonoids (Bioflavex) on rumen fermentation and performance in heifers fed high-concentrate diet. J. Anim. Sci. 90, 4975–4984, https://doi.org/10.2527/jas.20....
12.
Barry T.N., McNabb W.C., 1999. The implications of considered tannins on the nutritive value and temperature forage fed to ruminants. Br. J. Nutr. 81, 263–272, https://doi.org/10.1017/S00071....
13.
Bell M.J., Wall E., Simm G., Russel G., 2011. Effects of genetic line and feeding system on methane from dairy system. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 166–167, 699–707, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anif....
14.
Broudiscou L.-P., Papon Y., Broudiscou A.F., 2002. Effects of dry plant extracts on feed degradation and the production of rumen microbial biomass in a dual outflow fermenter. Anim. Feed. Sci. Technol. 101, 183–189, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0377-....
15.
Brouwer E., 1965. Report of sub-committee on constants and factors. In: K.L. Blaxter (Editor). EAAP Publication No. 11. Energy Metabolism. Proceedings of the 3rd EAAP Symposium. Troon (Scotland). Academic Press Inc. London (UK), pp. 441–443.
16.
Cieslak A., Zmora P., Pers-Kamczyc E., Szumacher-Strabel M., 2012. Effects of tannin source (Vaccinium vitis idaea L.) on rumen microbial fermentation in vivo. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 176, 102–106, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anif....
17.
Crampton E.W., Maynard L.A., 1938. The relation of cellulose and lignin content to the nutritive value of animal feeds. J. Nutr. 15, 383–395, https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/15.....
18.
Dey A., De P.S., 2014. Influence of condensed tannins from Ficus bengalensis leaves on feed utilization, milk production and antioxidant status of crossbred cows. Asian-Australas. J. Anim. Sci. 27, 342–348, https://doi.org/10.5713/ajas.2....
19.
Dhir R., Shekhawat G.S., 2012. Critical review on Tecomella undulata: a medicinally potent endangered plant species of Indian Thar Desert. Int. J. Curr. Res. 6, 36–44.
20.
Dschaak C.M., Williams C.M., Holt M.S., Eun J.-S., Young A.J., Min B.R., 2011. Effects of supplementing condensed tannin extract on intake, digestion, ruminal fermentation, and milk production of lactating dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 94, 2508–2519, https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.20....
21.
Ehsan O., Norhani A., Armin O., 2013. Effects of flavonoids on rumen fermentation activity, methane production, and microbial population. Biomed. Res. Int. 2013, 349129, https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/3....
22.
Ersahince A.C., Kara K., 2017. Nutrient composition and in vitro digestion parameters of Jerusalem artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus L.) herbage at different maturity stages in horse and ruminant. J. Anim. Feed Sci. 26, 213–225, https://doi.org/10.22358/jafs/....
23.
Harborne J.B., Willams C.A., 2000. Advances in flavonoid research since 1992. Phytochemistry 55, 481–504, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-....
24.
Hundal J.S., Wadhwa M., Bakshi M.P.S., 2016. Methane mitigation potential of tannins and their impact on digestibility of nutrients. Anim. Nutr. Feed Technol. 16, 505–513, https://doi.org/10.5958/0974-1....
25.
Hundal J.S., Wadhwa M., Bakshi M.P.S., 2019. Herbal feed additives containing essential oil: 1. Impact on the nutritional worth of complete feed in vitro. Trop. Anim. Health Prod. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11250....
26.
ICAR-NIANP (Indian Council of Agricultural Research- National Institute of Animal Nutrition and Physiology), 2013. Nutrient Requirements of Animals – Cattle and Buffalo. ICAR-NIANP, New Delhi (India).
27.
Jami E., Shabtay A., Nikbachat M., Yosef E., Miron J., Mizrahi I., 2012. Effects of adding a concentrated pomegranate-residue extract to the ration of lactating cows on in vivo digestibility and profile of rumen bacterial population. J. Dairy Sci. 95, 5996–6005, http://doi.org/10.3168/jds.201....
28.
Jayanegara A., Leiber F., Kreuzer M., 2012. Meta-analysis of the relationship between dietary tannin level and methane formation in ruminants from in vivo and in vitro experiments. J. Anim. Physiol. Anim. Nutr. 96, 365–375, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439....
29.
Johnson K., Huyler M., Westberg H., Lamb B., Zimmerman P., 1994. Measurement of methane emissions from ruminant livestock using a sulphur hexafluoride tracer technique. Environ. Sci. Technol. 28, 359–362, https://doi.org/10.1021/es0005....
30.
Khoa M.A., Quang N.H., Thang T.V., Phung T.V., Kien T.T., 2018. Effect of tannin in green tea by-product in combination with bio-char supplemented into basal beef cattle diet on nutrient digestibility, methane production and animal performance. Open J. Anim. Sci. 8, 206–214, https://doi.org/10.4236/ojas.2....
31.
Kim E.T., Guan L.L., Lee S.J., Lee S.M., Lee S.S., Lee I.D., Lee S.K., Lee S.S., 2015. Effects of flavonoid rich plant extracts on in vitro ruminal methanogenesis microbial populations and fermentation characteristics. Asian-Australas. J. Anim. Sci. 28, 530–537, https://doi.org/10.5713/ajas.1....
32.
Majewska M.P., Pajak J.J., Skomiał J., Miltko R., Kowalik B., 2017. The effect of lingonberry leaves and oak cortex addition to sheep diets on pancreatic enzymes activity. J. Anim. Feed Sci. 26, 354–358, https://doi.org/10.22358/jafs/....
33.
Makkar H.P.S., Blümmel M., Borowy N.K., Becker K., 1993. Gravimetric determination of tannins and their correlations with chemical and protein precipitation methods. J. Sci. Food Agric. 61, 161–165, https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.2....
34.
Mirdehghan S.H., Rahemi M., 2007. Seasonal changes of mineral nutrients and phenolics in pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) fruit. Sci. Hort. 111, 120–127, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scie....
35.
Moreira G.D., Lima P.M.T., Borges B.O., Primavesi O., Longo C., McManus C., Abdalla A., Louvandini H., 2013. Tropical tanniniferous legumes used as an option to mitigate sheep enteric methane emission. Trop. Anim. Health Prod. 45, 879–882, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11250....
36.
Nasri S., Ben Salem H., 2012. Effect of oral administration of Agave Americana or Quillaja saponaria extracts on digestion and growth of Barbarine female lamb. Livest. Sci. 147, 59–65, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.livs....
37.
Oliveira R.A., Narciso C.D., Bisinotto R.S., Perdomo M.C., Ballou M.A., Dreher M., Santos J.E.P., 2010. Effects of feeding polyphenols from pomegranate extract on health, growth, nutrient digestion and immunocompetence of calves. J. Dairy Sci. 93, 4280–4291, https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.20....
38.
Patra A.K., 2014. Trends projected estimates of GHG emissions from Indian livestock in comparisons with GHG emissions from world and developing countries. Asian-Australas. J. Anim. Sci. 27, 592–599, https://doi.org/10.5713/ajas.2....
39.
Qiao G., Shao T., Yang X., Zhu X., Li J., Lu Y., 2013. Effects of supplemental Chinese herbs on growth performance, blood antioxidant function and immunity status in Holstein dairy heifers fed high fibre diet. Italian J. Anim. Sci. 12, e20, https://doi.org/10.4081/ijas.2....
40.
Robertson J.B., Van Soest P.J., 1981. The detergent system of analysis and its application to human foods. In: W.P.T. James, O. Theander (Editors). The Analysis of Dietary Fiber in Food. Marcel Dekker Inc. New York, NY (USA), pp. 123–158.
41.
Rohilla R., Garg M., 2014. Phytochemistry and pharmacology of Tecomella undulata. Int. J. Green Pharm. 8, 1–6, http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0973....
42.
Sadq S.M., Ramzi D.O.M., Hamasalim H.J., Ahmed K.A., 2016. Growth performance and digestibility in Karadi lambs receiving different levels of pomegranate peels. Open J. Anim. Sci. 6, 16–23. https://doi.org/10.4236/ojas.2....
43.
Samal L., Chaudhary L.C., Agarwal N., Kamra D.N., 2016. Effects of plants containing secondary metabolites as feed additives on rumen metabolites and methanogen diversity of buffaloes. Anim. Prod. Sci. 56, 472–481, https://doi.org/10.1071/AN1559....
44.
Shabtay A., Eitam H., Tadmor Y. et al., 2008. Nutritive and antioxidant potential of fresh and stored pomegranate industrial byproduct as a novel beef cattle feed. J. Agric. Food Chem. 56, 10063–10070, https://doi.org/10.1021/jf8016....
45.
Singh I., Hundal J.S., Wadhwa M., Lamba J.S., 2018. Assessment of potential of some tannins and saponins containing herbs on digestibility of nutrients, fermentation kinetics and enteric methane production under different feeding systems: An in vitro study. Indian J. Anim. Sci. 88, 443–452, https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.....
46.
Szczechowiak J., Szkudelska K., Szumacher-Strabel M., Sadkowski S., Gwozdz K., El-Sherbiny M., Kozłowska M., Rodriguez V., Cieslak A., 2018. Blood hormones, metabolic parameters and fatty acid proportion in dairy fed condensed tannins and oils blend. Ann. Anim. Sci. 18, 155–166, https://doi.org/10.1515/aoas-2....
47.
Szczechowiak J., Szumacher-Strabel M., El-Sherbiny M., Bryszak M., Stochmal A., Cieslak A., 2016. Effect of dietary supplementation with Saponaria officinalis root on rumen and milk fatty acids proportion in dairy cattle. Anim. Sci. Rep. Pap. 34, 221–232.
48.
Teferedegne B., 2000. New perspective on the use of tropical plants to improve ruminant nutrition. Proc. Nutr. Soc. 59, 209–214, https://doi.org/10.1017/S00296....
49.
Theodorou M.K., Willams B.A., Dhanoa M.S., McAllan A.B., France J., 1994. A simple gas production method using a pressure transducer to determine the fermentation kinetics of ruminant feeds. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 48, 185–197, https://doi.org/10.1016/0377-8....
50.
Topps J.H., Thompson J.K., 1984. Blood Characteristics and the Nutrition of Ruminants. Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food. Reference Book 260. London (UK), p. 33.
51.
Vaithiyanathan S., Raghavendra Bhatta, Mishra A.S., Prasad R., Verma D.L., Singh N.P., 2007. Effect of feeding graded levels of Prosopis cinerarialeaves on rumen ciliate protozoa, nitrogen balance and microbial protein supply in lambs and kids. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 133, 177–191, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anif....
52.
Van Soest P.J., 1994. Nutritional Ecology of the Ruminant. Cornell University Press. Ithaca, NY (USA).
53.
Wanapat M., Kang S., Khejornsart P., Wanapat S., 2013. Effects of plant herb combination supplementation on rumen fermentation and nutrient digestibility in beef cattle. Asian-Australas. J. Anim. Sci. 26, 1127–1136, https://doi.org/10.5713/ajas.2....
54.
Williams A.G., Coleman G.S., 1992. The Rumen Protozoa. Springer-Verlag New York, Inc. New York, NY (USA), pp. 441, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-....
55.
Yang W.Z., Ametaj B.N., Benchaar C., He M.L., Beauchemin K.A., 2010. Cinnamaldehyde in feedlot cattle diets: Intake, growth performance, carcass characteristics, and blood metabolites. J. Anim. Sci. 88, 1082–1092, https://doi.org/10.2527/jas.20....
56.
Yanza Y.R., Szumacher-Strabel M., Bryszak M., Gao M., Kolodziejski P., Stochmal A., Slusarczyk S., Patra A.K., Cieslak A., 2018. Coleus amboinicus (Lour) leaves as a modulator of ruminal methanogenesis and biohydrogenation in vitro. J. Anim. Sci. 96, 4868–4881, https://doi.org/10.1093/jas/sk....
CITATIONS (14):
1.
Gas Production, Digestibility and Efficacy of Stored or Fresh Plant Extracts to Reduce Methane Production on Different Substrates
Abiodun Akanmu, Abubeker Hassen, Festus Adejoro
Animals
Abiodun Akanmu, Abubeker Hassen, Festus Adejoro
Animals
2.
Evaluation of effects of rumen fluid in combination with probiotic preparations and vanillin on the luminescence of a recombinant strain E. coli
Il'shat Karimov, Kristina Kondrashova, Galimzhan Duskaev, Olga Kvan, P. Zhou, Y. He, R. Weerasinghe
E3S Web of Conferences
Il'shat Karimov, Kristina Kondrashova, Galimzhan Duskaev, Olga Kvan, P. Zhou, Y. He, R. Weerasinghe
E3S Web of Conferences
3.
Sustainable utilization of Aloe vera waste in the diet of lactating cows for improvement of milk production performance and reduction of carbon footprint
Prabhjinder Singh, Jaspal Hundal, Amlan Patra, Manju Wadhwa, Amit Sharma
Journal of Cleaner Production
Prabhjinder Singh, Jaspal Hundal, Amlan Patra, Manju Wadhwa, Amit Sharma
Journal of Cleaner Production
4.
Effect of dietary supplementation of Emblica officinalis fruit pomace on methane emission, ruminal fermentation, nutrient utilization, and milk production performance in buffaloes
Ankita Singla, Jaspal Hundal, Amlan Patra, Manju Wadhwa, Veena Nagarajappa, Puneet Malhotra
Environmental Science and Pollution Research
Ankita Singla, Jaspal Hundal, Amlan Patra, Manju Wadhwa, Veena Nagarajappa, Puneet Malhotra
Environmental Science and Pollution Research
5.
Research progress on the application of feed additives in ruminal methane emission reduction: a review
Kang Sun, Huihui Liu, Huiyu Fan, Ting Liu, Chen Zheng
PeerJ
Kang Sun, Huihui Liu, Huiyu Fan, Ting Liu, Chen Zheng
PeerJ
6.
In vitro ruminal fermentation, methane production and nutrient degradability as affected by fruit and vegetable pomaces in differing concentrations
Katrin Giller, Laura Bossut, Lukas Eggerschwiler, Melissa Terranova
Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition
Katrin Giller, Laura Bossut, Lukas Eggerschwiler, Melissa Terranova
Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition
7.
A composite polyphenol-rich extract improved growth performance, ruminal fermentation and immunity, while decreasing methanogenesis and excretion of nitrogen and phosphorus in growing buffaloes
Snehdeep Singh, Jaspal Hundal, Amlan Patra, Ram Sethi, Amit Sharma
Environmental Science and Pollution Research
Snehdeep Singh, Jaspal Hundal, Amlan Patra, Ram Sethi, Amit Sharma
Environmental Science and Pollution Research
8.
Ruminal fermentation and methane production in vitro, milk production, nutrient utilization, blood profile, and immune responses of lactating goats fed polyphenolic and saponin-rich plant extracts
Sandip Shilwant, Jaspal Hundal, Mandeep Singla, Amlan Patra
Environmental Science and Pollution Research
Sandip Shilwant, Jaspal Hundal, Mandeep Singla, Amlan Patra
Environmental Science and Pollution Research
9.
Potential of Citrullus colocynthis as herbal feed additive for ruminants
JASPAL HUNDAL, MANJU WADHWA, JASWINDER SINGH, JASDEEP DHANOA, HANEET KAUR
The Indian Journal of Animal Sciences
JASPAL HUNDAL, MANJU WADHWA, JASWINDER SINGH, JASDEEP DHANOA, HANEET KAUR
The Indian Journal of Animal Sciences
10.
Machine learning ensemble species distribution modeling of an endangered arid land tree Tecomella undulata: a global appraisal
Preet Mathur, Manish Mathur
Arabian Journal of Geosciences
Preet Mathur, Manish Mathur
Arabian Journal of Geosciences
11.
Effects of pomegranate peel and laurel bay leaves on growth performance and blood parameters in growing lambs
Ali Abdulzahrah, Anmar Al-Wazeer
THE 9TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON APPLIED SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY (ICAST 2021)
Ali Abdulzahrah, Anmar Al-Wazeer
THE 9TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON APPLIED SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY (ICAST 2021)
12.
Effectiveness of herbal plants on rumen fermentation, methane gas emissions, in vitro nutrient digestibility, and population of protozoa
Antonius Antonius, Roni Pazla, Ezi Putri, Windu Negara, Nursanti Laia, Muhammad Ridla, Sri Suharti, Anuraga Jayanegara, Sharli Asmairicen, Leni Marlina, Yoselanda Marta
Veterinary World
Antonius Antonius, Roni Pazla, Ezi Putri, Windu Negara, Nursanti Laia, Muhammad Ridla, Sri Suharti, Anuraga Jayanegara, Sharli Asmairicen, Leni Marlina, Yoselanda Marta
Veterinary World
13.
Effects of graded levels of dietary pomegranate peel on methane and nitrogen losses, and metabolic and health indicators in dairy cows
P. Niu, M. Kreuzer, A. Liesegang, C. Kunz, A. Schwarm, K. Giller
Journal of Dairy Science
P. Niu, M. Kreuzer, A. Liesegang, C. Kunz, A. Schwarm, K. Giller
Journal of Dairy Science
14.
Quantifying the Impact of Different Dietary Rumen Modulating Strategies on Enteric Methane Emission and Productivity in Ruminant Livestock: A Meta-Analysis
Bulelani N. Pepeta, Abubeker Hassen, Eyob H. Tesfamariam
Animals
Bulelani N. Pepeta, Abubeker Hassen, Eyob H. Tesfamariam
Animals
Share
RELATED ARTICLE
| ISSN: | 1230-1388 |
Assigning DOI numbers, introducing articles from supplements and recent publications to POL-index database, maintaining anti-plagiarism detection, electronic system to proceed manuscripts and webpage of the Journal with interactive pdf files, and language correction of manuscripts published in Journal of Animal and Feed Sciences are financed in the years 2018–2019 by the Ministry of Science and Higher Education from the funds for science popularization activities, Agreement No. 631/P-DUN/2018.
© 2006-2024 Journal hosting platform by Bentus
We process personal data collected when visiting the website. The function of obtaining information about users and their behavior is carried out by voluntarily entered information in forms and saving cookies in end devices. Data, including cookies, are used to provide services, improve the user experience and to analyze the traffic in accordance with the Privacy policy. Data are also collected and processed by Google Analytics tool (more).
You can change cookies settings in your browser. Restricted use of cookies in the browser configuration may affect some functionalities of the website.
You can change cookies settings in your browser. Restricted use of cookies in the browser configuration may affect some functionalities of the website.
