REVIEW PAPER
The potential of Imbrasia belina worm as a poultry and fish feed. A review
S. Moyo 1,2
,
 
,
 
 
 
More details
Hide details
1
University of Fort Hare, Faculty of Science and Agriculture, Department of Livestock and Pasture Sciences, Private Bag X1314, Alice 5700, South Africa
 
2
Gwanda State University, Faculty of Life Sciences, Department of Animal Science, Epoch Mine Campus, P.O. Box 30, Filabusi, Zimbabwe
 
3
Fort Cox Agricultural and Forestry Training Institute, P.O. Box 2187, King Williams Town 5600, South Africa
 
 
Publication date: 2019-09-30
 
 
Corresponding author
P.J. Masika   

Fort Cox Agricultural and Forestry Training Institute, P.O. Box 2187, King Williams Town 5600, South Africa
 
 
J. Anim. Feed Sci. 2019;28(3):209-219
 
KEYWORDS
TOPICS
ABSTRACT
This review is aimed to present the potential of Imbrasia belina as poultry and fish feed. Imbrasia belina worms contain substantial amounts of proteins, fats, essential amino acids, fatty acids, minerals and carbohydrates useful for the animal health. The worm as a source of protein could be utilised to minimise inadequate nutrition in poultry and fish. It has been documented as feed for such animals as fish, broilers, layers and guinea fowl. Imbrasia belina worm is an alternative source of animal protein, which is locally available, accessible and acceptable as food and feed source. However, using Imbrasia belina worm as animal feed has also some disadvantages as: chitin, the risk of being over exploited, unpalatability and a chance of indigestibility at higher inclusion levels in diets. Therefore, in this review the potential of I. belina worm as poultry and fish feed is assessed.
 
REFERENCES (80)
1.
Akpalu W., Muchapondwa E., Zikhali P., 2007. Can the restrictive harvest period policy conserve mopane worms in Southern Africa? A bio-economic modeling approach. Working Paper Number 65. University of Pretoria/University of Cape Town/Gӧtenborg University (South Africa), https://efdinitiative.org/site....
 
2.
Barrows F.T., Bellis D., Krogdahl Å., Silverstein J.T., Herman E.M., Sealey W.M., Rust M.B., Gatlin III D.M., 2008. Report of the plant products in aquafeed strategic planning workshop: an integrated, interdisciplinary research roadmap for increasing utilisation of plants feedstuffs in diets for carnivorous fish. Rev. Fish. Sci. 16, 449–455, https://doi.org/10.1080/106412....
 
3.
Belluco S., Losasso C., Maggioletti M., Alonzi C.C., Paoletti M.G., Ricci A., 2013. Edible insects in a food safety and nutritional perspective: a critical review. Compr. Rev. Food Sci. Food Saf. 12, 296–313, https://doi.org/10.1111/1541-4....
 
4.
Cherian G., 2015. Nutrition and metabolism in poultry: role of lipids in early diet. J. Anim. Sci. Biotechnol. 6, 28, https://doi.org/10.1186/s40104....
 
5.
Chiripasi S.C., Moreki J.C., Nsoso S.J., Letso M., 2013. Effect of feeding mopane worm meal on mineral intake, retention and utilisation in Guinea fowl under intensive system. Int. J. Poult. Sci. 12, 19–28, https://doi.org/10.3923/ijps.2....
 
6.
Choi H.Y., Ha S.K., 2013. Potassium balances in maintenance hemodialysis. Electrolyte. Blood Press. 11, 9–16, https://doi.org/10.5049/EBP.20....
 
7.
da Silva J.B., Carrão-Panizzi M.C., Prudâncio S.H., 2009. Chemical and physical composition of grain-type and food-type soybean for food processing. Pesqui. Agropecu. Bras. 44, 777–784, https://doi.org/10.1590/S0100-...
 
8.
De Marco M., Martínez S., Hernandez F. et al., 2015. Nutritional value of two insect larval meals (Tenebrio molitor and Hermetia illucens) for broiler chickens: Apparent nutrient digestibility, apparent ileal amino acid digestibility and apparent metabolizable energy. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 209, 211–218, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anif....
 
9.
Dozier III W.A., Price C.J., Kidd M.T., Corzo A., Anderson J., Branton S.L., 2006. Growth performance, meat yield, and economic responses of broilers fed diets varying in metabolizable energy from thirty to fifty-nine days of age. J. Appl. Poult. Res. 15, 367–382, https://doi.org/10.1093/japr/1....
 
10.
Dube S., Dube C., 2010. Towards improved utilisation of macimbi Imbrasia belina Linnaeus, 1758 as food and financial resource for people in the Gwanda district of Zimbabwe. J. Sci. Tech. 5, 28–36.
 
11.
Dube T., Phiri K., 2013. Rural livelihoods under stress: the impact of climate change on livelihoods in South Western Zimbabwe. Am. Int. J. Contemp. Res. 3, 11–25.
 
12.
Ekop A.S., 2009. Changes in amino acid composition of African yam beans (Sphenostylis stenocarpas) and African locust beans (Parkia filicoida) on cooking. Pak. J. Nutr. 5, 254–256, https://doi.org/10.3923/pjn.20....
 
13.
FAO Committee on Fisheries, 2012. Report of the sixth session of the Sub-Committee on Aquaculture. 26–30 March 2012, Cape Town, South Africa. FAO. Rome (Italy), pp. 26–30, http://www.fao.org/docrep/016/....
 
14.
Garcia M.A., Altieri M.A., 2005. Transgenic crops: implications for biodiversity and sustainable agriculture. Bull. Sci. Technol. Soc. 25, 335–353, https://doi.org/10.1177/027046....
 
15.
Gardiner A.J., 2003. Internal Final Report: Mopane Woodlands and the Mopane Worm: Enhancing Rural Livelihoods and Resource Sustainability, DFID Project No. R7822. The Domestication of Mopane Worms (Imbrasia belina). Veld Products Research & Development, Gaborone (Botswana).
 
16.
Ghaffari M., Shivazad M., Zaghari M., Taherkhani R., 2007. Effect of different levels of metabolizable energy and formulation of diet based on digestible and total amino acid requirements on performance of male broiler. Int. J. Poult. Sci. 6, 276–279, https://doi.org/10.3923/ijps.2....
 
17.
Gondo T., Frost P., Kozanayi W., Stack J., Mushongahande M., 2010. Linking knowledge and practice: assessing options for sustainable use of mopane worms (Imbrasia belina) in Southern Zimbabwe. J. Sustain. Dev. Afr. 12, 281–305.
 
18.
Greyling M., Potgieter M., 2004. Mopane worms as key woodland resource. The use trade and conservation of Imbrasia belina. In: M.J. Lawes, H.A.C. Ealey, C.M. Shackleton, B.G.S. Geach (Editors). Indigenous Forests and Woodlands in South Africa: Policy, People and Practice. University of KwaZulu-Natal Press. Pietermaritzburg (South Africa), pp. 575–589.
 
19.
Gümüş E., 2011. Fatty acid composition of fry mirror carp (Cyprinus carpio) fed graded levels of sand smelt (Atherina boyeri) meal. Asian-Australas. J. Anim. Sci. 24, 264–271, https://doi.org/10.5713/ajas.2....
 
20.
Harlıoğlu A.G., 2012. Effect of solvent extracted soybean meal and full-fat soya on the protein and amino acid digestibility and body amino acid composition in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Iran. J. Fish. Sci. 11, 504–517.
 
21.
Haryanto A., Miharja K., Wijayanti N., 2016. Effects of banana peel meal on the feed conversion ratio and blood lipid profile of broiler chickens. Int. J. Poult. Sci. 15, 27–34, https://doi.org/10.3923/ijps.2....
 
22.
Henry M., Gasco L., Piccolo G., Fountoulaki E., 2015. Review on the use of insects in the diet of farmed fish: past and future. Anim. Feed. Sci. Technol. 203, 1–22, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anif....
 
23.
Hope R.A., Frost P.G.H., Gardiner A., Ghazoul J., 2009. Experimental analysis of adoption of domestic mopane worm farming technology in Zimbabwe. Dev. South. Afr. 26, 29–46, https://doi.org/10.1080/037683....
 
24.
International Monetary Fund, 2010. International Monetary Fund Primary Commodity Prices, http://www.imf.org/external/da....
 
25.
Johnson D.V., 2010. The contribution of edible forest insects to human nutrition and to forest management: current status and future potential. In: P.B. Durst, D.V. Johnson, R.N. Leslie, K. Shono (Editors). Forest Insects as Food: Humans Bite back. Proceedings of a workshop on Asia-Pacific resources and their potential for development. 19–21 February 2008. Chiang Mai, Thailand. FAO Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific. Bangkok (Thailand), pp. 5–22.
 
26.
Kim E.J., 2010. Amino acid digestibility of various feedstuffs using different methods. PhD Dissertation. University of Illinois. Urbana, IL (USA).
 
27.
Kwiri R., Winini C., Muredzi P., Tongonya J., Gwala W., Mujuru F., Gwala S.T., 2014. Mopane worm (Gonimbrasia belina) utilisation, a potential source of protein in fortified blended foods in Zimbabwe. A review. Glob. J. Sci. Front. Res. D Agric. Vet. 14, 55–67.
 
28.
Lautenschläger T., Neinhuis C., Kikongo E., Henle T., Förster A., 2017. Impact of different preparations on the nutritional value of the edible caterpillar Imbrasia epimethea from northern Angola. Eur Food Res. Technol. 243, 769–778, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00217....
 
29.
Li X., Rezaei R., Li P., Wu G., 2011. Composition of amino acids in feed ingredients for animal diets. Amino Acids 40, 1159–1168, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00726....
 
30.
Lindsay G.J.H., Walton M.J., Adron J.W., Fletcher T.C., Cho C.Y., Cowet C.B., 1984. The growth of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) given diets containing chitin and its relationship to chitinolytic enzymes and chitin digestibility. Aquaculture 37, 315–334, https://doi.org/10.1016/0044-8....
 
31.
Longvah T., Mangthya K., Ramulu P., 2011. Nutrient composition and protein quality evaluation of eri silkworm (Samia ricinii) prepupae and pupae. Food Chem. 128, 400–403, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.food....
 
32.
Lucas L.T., 2010. The evolution and impacts of mopane worm harvesting: Perceptions of harvesting in central Botswana. Master of Science Degree. University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg (South Africa).
 
33.
Madibela O.R., Giddie B., Mokwena K.K., 2013. Dry matter and crude protein degradability of mopane worm (Imbrasia belina) in rumen of steers. Iran. J. Appl. Anim. Sci. 3, 39–43.
 
34.
Madibela O.R., Mokwena K.K., Nsoso S.J., Thema T.F., 2009. Chemical composition of Mopane worm sampled at three sites in Botswana and subjected to different processing. Trop. Anim. Health. Prod. 41, 935–942, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11250....
 
35.
Madibela O.R., Seitiso T.K., Thema T.F., Letso M., 2007. Effect of traditional processing methods on chemical composition and in vitro true dry matter digestibility of Mophane worm (Imbrasia belina). J. Arid Environ. 68, 492–500, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jari....
 
36.
Madibela O.R., Seitshiro O., Mochankana M.E., 2006. Deactivation effects of polyethylene glycol (PEG) on in vitro dry matter digestibility of Colophospermum mopane (Mophane) and acacia browse trees in Botswana. Pak. J. Nutr. 5, 343–347, https://doi.org/10.3923/pjn.20....
 
37.
Mahata M.E., Dharma A., Ryanto H.I., Rizal Y., 2008. Effect of substituting shrimp waste hydrolysate of Penaeus merguensis for fish meal in broiler performance. Pak. J. Nutr. 7, 806–810, https://doi.org/10.3923/pjn.20....
 
38.
Makhado R.A., Potgieter M.J., Wessels D.C.J., Saidi A.T., Masehela K.K., 2012. Use of mopane woodland resources and associated woodland management challenges in rural areas of South Africa. Ethnobot. Res. Appl. 10, 369–379.
 
39.
Makhado R.A., Potgieter M.J., Wessels D.C.J., 2009. Colophospermum mopane woodland utilisation in the northeast of Limpopo Province, South Africa. Ethnobot. Leaflets 13, 921–945.
 
40.
Manyeula F., Tsopito C., Kamau J., Mogotsi K.K., Nsoso S.J., Moreki J.C., 2013. Effect of Imbrasia belina (westwood), Tylosema esculentum (Burchell) Schreiber and Vigna subterranean (L) Verde as protein sources of growth and laying performance of Tswana hens raised under intensive production system. Sci. J. Anim. Sci. 2, 1–8.
 
41.
Manzano-Agugliaro F., Sanchez-Muros M.J., Barroso F.G., Martínez-Sánchez A., Rojo S., Pérez-Bañón C., 2012. Insects for biodiesel production. Renew. Sust. Energ. Rev. 16, 3744–3753, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser....
 
42.
Mareko M.H.D., Nsoso S.J., Lebetwa N., 2008. Nutritive value of meat of guinea fowl raised on concrete and bare soil floors from 16-26 weeks of age. Res. J. Anim. Sci. 2, 5–11.
 
43.
Mareko M.H.D., Nsoso S.J., Mosweu K., Mokate K.K., Madibela O.R., 2010. Chemical composition and sensory evaluation of broilers supplemented on two levels of Phane worm (Imbrasia belina) meal. Bots. J. Agric. Appl. Sci. 6, 223–233.
 
44.
McDonald P., Edwards R.A., Greenhalgh J.F.D., Morgan C.A., 2002. Animal Nutrition. 6th Edition. Pearson Education Limited. Harlow, Essex (UK).
 
45.
Melo V., Garcia M., Sandoval H., Jiménez H.D., Calvo C., 2011. Quality proteins from edible indigenous insect food of Latin America and Asia. Emir. J. Food Agric. 23, 283–289.
 
46.
Mojeremane W., Lumbile A.U., 2005. The characteristics and economic value of Colophospermum mopane (Kirk ex Benth.) J. Léonard in Botswana. Pak. J. Biol. Sci. 8, 781–784; https://doi.org/10.3923/pjbs.2...
 
47.
Moreki J.C., Tiroesele B., Chiripasi S.C., 2012. Prospects of utilizing insects as alternative sources of protein in poultry diets in Botswana: A review. J. Anim. Sci. Adv. 2, 649–658.
 
48.
Moreki J.C., van der Merwe H.J., Hayes J.P., 2011. Influence of dietary calcium levels on bone development in broiler breeder pullets up to 18 weeks of age. Online J. Anim. Feed Res. 1, 28–39.
 
49.
Moreki J.C., Dikeme R., Poroga B., 2010. The role of village poultry in food security and HIV/AIDS mitigation in Chobe District of Botswana. Livest. Res. Rural Dev. 22, #55.
 
50.
Mufandaedza E., Moyo D.Z., Makoni P., 2015. Management of non-timber forest products harvesting: rules and regulations governing (Imbrasia belina) access in the South-Eastern Lowveld of Zimbabwe. Afr. J. Agric. Res. 10, 1521–1530, https://doi.org/10.5897/AJAR20....
 
51.
Mungkung R., Aubin J., Prihadi T.H., Slembrouck J., van der Werf H.M.G., Legendre M., 2013. Life cycle assessment for the environmentally sustainable aquaculture management: a case study of the combined aquaculture systems for carp and tilapia. J. Clean. Prod. 57, 249–256, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcle....
 
52.
Mwimanzi L., Musuka C.G., 2014. The potential of mopani worm (Gonimbrasia belina) as an alternative protein source in fish feed. Int. J. Aquac. 4, 73–78, https://doi.org/10.5376/ija.20....
 
53.
Nobo G., Moreki J.C., Nsoso S.J., 2012a. Growth and carcass characteristics of helmeted guinea fowl (Numida meleagris) fed varying levels of Phane meal (Imbrasia belina) as replacement of fishmeal under intensive system. Int. J. Agro Vet. Med. Sci. 6, 296–306.
 
54.
Nobo G., Moreki J.C, Nsoso S.J., 2012b. Feed intake, body weight, average daily gain, feed conversion ratio and carcass characteristics of helmeted Guinea fowl fed varying levels of phane meal (Imbrasia belina) as replacement of fishmeal under intensive system. Int. J. Poult. Sci. 11, 378–384, https://doi.org/10.3923/ijps.2....
 
55.
Nsoso S.J., Mareko M.H.D., Manyanda S., Legodimo P.P., 2008. The effect of housing type on body parameters, feed intake and feed conversion ratio of guinea fowl (Numida melesgris) keets and chemical composition of their meat during growth and development in Botswana. Res. J. Anim. Sci. 2, 36–40.
 
56.
Nsoso S.J., Mareko M.H.D., Molelekwa C., 2006. Comparison of growth and morphological parameters of guinea fowl (Numida melesgris) raised on concrete and earth floor finishes in Botswana. Livest. Res. Rural Dev. 18, #178.
 
57.
Olsen R.L., Hasan M.R., 2012. A limited supply of fishmeal: Impact on future increases in global aquaculture production. Trends Food Sci. Technol. 27, 120–128, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs....
 
58.
Oyegoke O.O., Akintola A.J., Fasoranti J.O., 2006. Dietary potentials of the edible larvae of Cirina forda (westwood) as a poultry feed. Afr. J. Biotechnol. 5, 1799–1802.
 
59.
Pharithi M.T., Suping S.M., Yeboah S.O., 2004. Variations of the fatty acid composition in the oil from the larval stages of the emperor moth caterpillar, Imbrasia belina. Bull. Chem. Soc. Ethiop. 18, 67–72, https://doi.org/10.4314/bcse.v....
 
60.
Pillay S., 2015. Mopane worm (Imbrasia belina) as indicators of elemental concentrations in a trophic system. Thesis of Master of Science. University of the Witwatersrand. Johannesburg (South Africa).
 
61.
Premalatha M., Abbasi T., Abbasi T., Abbasi S.A., 2011. Energy-efficient food production to reduce global warming and ecodegradation: the use of edible insects. Renew. Sust. Energ. Rev. 15, 4357–4360, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser....
 
62.
Raheem D., Carrascosa C., Oluwole O.B., Nieuwland M., Saraiva A., Millán R., Raposo A., 2018. Traditional consumption of and rearing edible insects in Africa, Asia and Europe. Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr. https://doi.org/10.1080/104083....
 
63.
Rapatsa M.M., Moyo N.A.G., 2017. Evaluation of Imbrasia belina meal as a fishmeal substitute in Oreochromis mossambicus diets: growth performance, histological analysis and enzyme activity. Aquac. Rep. 5, 18–26, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aqre....
 
64.
Romero-Bernal J., Almaraz E.M., Ortega O.A.C., Salas N.P., González-Ronquillo M., 2017. Chemical composition and fatty acid profile in meat from grazing lamb diets supplemented with ryegrass hay, fishmeal and soybean meal as PUFA sources. Cienc. Rural 47, e20160533, https://doi.org/10.1590/0103-8....
 
65.
Rumpold B.A., Schlüter O.K., 2013. Potential and challenges of insects as an innovative source of food and feed production. Innov. Food Sci. Emerg. Technol. 17, 1–11, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ifse....
 
66.
Sánchez-Muros M.-J., Barroso F.G., Manzano-Agugliaro F., 2014. Insect meal as renewable source of food for animal feeding: a review. J. Clean. Prod. 65, 16–27, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcle....
 
67.
Sotak-Peper K.M., González-Vega J.C., Stein H.H., 2017. Amino acid digestibility in soybean meal sourced from different regions of the United States and fed to pigs. J. Anim. Sci. 95, 771–778, https://doi.org/10.2527/jas.20....
 
68.
Stack J., Dorward A., Gondo T., Frost P., Taylor F., Kurebgaseka N., 2003. Mopane worm utilisation and rural livelihoods in Southern Africa. In: Materials from The International Conference on Rural Livelihoods, Forests and Biodiversity, 19–23 May 2003, Bonn (Germany).
 
69.
Steinfeld H., Wassenaar T., Jutzi S., 2006. Livestock production systems in developing countries: status, drivers, trends. Rev. Sci. Technol. 25, 505–516, https://doi.org/10.20506/rst.2....
 
70.
Teles A.O., Lupatsch I., Nengas I., 2011. Nutritional and feeding of Sparidae. In: M.A. Pavlidis, C.C. Mylonas (Editors). Sparidae, Biology and Aquaculture of Gilthead Sea Bream and other Species. Blackwell Publishing Ltd. Oxford (UK), pp. 199–232, https://doi.org/10.1002/978144....
 
71.
Thomas B., 2013. Sustainable harvesting and trading of mopane worms (Imbrasia belina) in Northern Namibia: an experience from the Uukwaluudhi area. Int. J. Environ. Stud. 70, 494–502, https://doi.org/10.1080/002072....
 
72.
Tlhong T.M., 2008. Meat quality of raw and processed guinea fowl. Thesis of Master of Science. Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch (South Africa), pp. 62–66, https://scholar.sun.ac.za/hand....
 
73.
Tocher D.R., 2010. Fatty acid requirements in ontogeny of marine and freshwater fish. Aquacult. Res. 41, 717–732, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365....
 
74.
van Eys J.E., Offner A., Bach A., 2004. Manual of Quality Analyses for Soybean Products in the Feed Industry. American Soybean Association. St. Louis, MO (USA).
 
75.
van Huis A., van Itterbeeck J., Klunder H., Mertens E., Halloran A., Muir G., Vantomme P., 2013. Edible insects. Future prospects for food and feed security. FAO Forestry Paper 171. FAO. Rome (Italy), http://www.fao.org/3/i3253e/i3....
 
76.
Veldkamp T., Kwakkel R.P., Ferket P.R., Verstegen M.W.A., 2005. Growth responses to dietary energy and lysine at high and low ambient temperature in male turkeys. Poult. Sci. 84, 273–282, https://doi.org/10.1093/ps/84.....
 
77.
Wessels D.C.J., van der Waal C., de Boer W.F., 2007. Induced chemical defences in Colophospermum mopane trees. Afr. J. Range Forage Sci. 24, 141–147, https://doi.org/10.2989/AJRFS.....
 
78.
World Bank, 2013. Fish to 2030: prospects for fisheries and aquaculture. Agriculture and environmental services discussion paper no. 3. World Bank Group. Washington DC (USA), http://documents.worldbank.org....
 
79.
Xiaoming C., Ying F., Hong Z., 2010. Review of the nutrition value of edible insects. In: P.B. Durst, D.V. Johnson, R.N. Leslie, K. Shono (Editors). Forest Insects as Food: Humans Bite back. Proceedings of a workshop on Asia-Pacific resources and their potential for development. 19–21 February 2008. Chiang Mai, Thailand. FAO Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific. Bangkok (Thailand), pp. 85–92.
 
80.
Yeboah S.O., Mitei Y.C., 2009. Further lipid profiling of the oil from the mophane caterpillar, Imbrasia belina. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 86, 1047, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11746....
 
 
CITATIONS (10):
1.
Growth performance, serum biochemistry and meat quality traits of Jumbo quails fed with mopane worm (Imbrasia belina) meal-containing diets
Marareni Mveleli, Caven Mnisi
Veterinary and Animal Science
 
2.
Cricket Meal (Gryllus bimaculatus) as a Protein Supplement on In Vitro Fermentation Characteristics and Methane Mitigation
Burarat Phesatcha, Kampanat Phesatcha, Bounnaxay Viennaxay, Maharach Matra, Pajaree Totakul, Metha Wanapat
Insects
 
3.
Mopane Worm (Gonimbrasia belina Westwood) Meal as a Potential Protein Source for Sustainable Quail Production: A Review
Caven Mnisi, Chika Oyeagu, Oziniel Ruzvidzo
Sustainability
 
4.
The influence of insect-derived and marine-based diets on sensory quality of poultry meat and egg: a systematic review
Amir Shaviklo
Journal of Food Science and Technology
 
5.
Nutritional composition and sensory Properties of wheat muffins enriched with Gonimbrasia zambesina, walker caterpillar flour
Fedinand Ouma, Alice Muriithi, Joseph Anyango
International Journal of Tropical Insect Science
 
6.
Human Consumption of Insects in Sub-Saharan Africa: Lepidoptera and Potential Species for Breeding
Muya Numbi, Bienvenu Mutiaka, Jérôme Bindelle, Frédéric Francis, Megido Caparros
Insects
 
7.
Handbook of Research on Managing the Urban-Rural Divide Through an Inclusive Framework
Maxwell Rumutsa, Brenda Rumutsa, Norman Rumutsa
 
8.
3D Printing of Sustainable Insect Materials
Sonia Morya, Deepika Sandhu, Akriti Thakur, Arno Neumann, Chinaza Awuchi
 
9.
Mopane worm (Gonimbrasia belina) - An exclusive African edible insect as human food - A comprehensive review
Shahida Anusha Siddiqui, Deepak Kumar Mahanta, Tanmaya Kumar Bhoi, Ali Ahmad, Ito Fernando
Future Foods
 
10.
Edible caterpillars (Gonimbrasia belina and Gynanisa maja) as emerging source of nutrients and bioactive compounds
Chrysantus M. Tanga, Brian O. Ochieng, Dennis Beesigamukama, Changeh J. Ghemoh, Cynthia Mudalungu, Xavier Cheseto, Isaac M. Osuga, Sevgan Subramanian, Segenet Kelemu
Future Foods
 
ISSN:1230-1388
Journals System - logo
Scroll to top